Important topics and formulae in ray optics and wave optics. Physical optics lecture notes pdf 44p download book. Then you come to the chapter on wave optics, and you are told that light travels as a wave, that it can bend around objects, it can diffract and interfere, etc. As a consequence of this, light traveling through different media will be shifted in relative phase leading to some interesting phenomena. When two waves of exactly same frequency coming from two coherent sources travels in a medium, in the same direction simultaneously then due to their superposition, at some points intensity of light is maximum while at some other points intensity is minimum. Light waves that is, electromagnetic waves behave like other waves. The book can be used for a general text book for optics optical engineering classes as well as acousto optics and electro optics classes for advanced students. The importance of focal lengths is their use in geometrical optics which will be disussed in the next section. Electromagnetic waves, the electromagnetic spectrum and photons opens a modal. Optics benjamin crowell book 5 in the light and matter series of introductory physics textbooks optics.
Wave optics lecture about the principles of wave optics by n. Optics notes topics in these notes are wave properties. Which of the following is the correct formula for focal point calculation. Figure 28 illustrates a plane wave propagating along the x axis, which means that the wave fronts are parallel to the yz plane. Spherical lens numerical, microscope, telescope, ray diagrams, snells law, image formationmore. The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane. Here v 1 and v 2 are the speed of light in media 1 and 2 with refractive index pp 12 and respectively. Wiley series in pure and applied optics founded by stanley s. Take a 2meter length or so of optical fiberpreferably a largediameter plastic optical fiberand make perpendicular cuts at both the ends. Optics benjamin crowell book 5 in the light and matter series of introductory physics textbooks.
Demonstration of light guidance through optical fibers. Something must be vibrating oscillating in order to create a wave. Only wave optics leads to the correct interpretation of such patterns. He envisioned a wave crest advancing by imagining each point along the wave crest to be source point for small, circular, expanding wavelets, which.
The book can be used for a general text book for opticsoptical engineering classes as well as acoustooptics and electrooptics classes for advanced students. He envisioned a wave crest advancing by imagining each point along the wave crest to be source point for small, circular, expanding wavelets, which expand with the speed of the wave. Longitudal waves are those in which the displacement of the mediumor eld is in the direction of the wave. This curriculum was developed for a seniorlevel optics course at brigham young university. It exposes students to specific precise topics which are generally asked in the exam and also includes various iit questions form wave optics. It is our hope that this book will stimulate the readers general interest in optics as well as provide them with an essential background in acousto optics and electro optics. Need a resource of practice problems to hone your skills. Looking for a deeper understanding of electromagnetic wave propagation. To register online physics tuitions on to clear your doubts from our expert teachers and solve the problems easily to score more marks in your cbse. But when light waves pass around small objects, such as a 100diameter human hair, or through small openings, such as a 50 pinhole, ray optics cannot account for the light patterns produced on a screen beyond these objects. Wave theory of light by huygens, fresnel, young, etc in geometric optics we learnt light is a stream of straightgoing particles newton proposed that first then we learnt light is a form of em wave. The frequency remains the same as light travels from one medium to another. Light is a form of energy which generally gives the sensation of sight. Wave properties in general there are two types of waves.
Cbse class 12 physics chapter 10 wave optics formula. The factor in brackets in equation 41 defines the phase angle. The interference of light waves produces the colors reflected from a cd, the iridescence of bird feathers, and the technology underlying supermarket checkout scanners and optical computers. Wave optics, also referred to as physical optics, is the branch of optics that enables important phenomena such as interference, diffraction, and polarization to be understood. Physics notes for class 12 chapter 10 wave optics wave optics describes the connection between waves and rays of light. Class 12 physics revision notes for chapter 10 wave optics. They can reflect, refract bend, and interfere with each other. Physical optics interference diffraction theory scalar fourier theory 2. Free pdf download of physics class 12 chapter 10 wave optics formulas prepared by expert teachers at. The phenomenon of change in the path of light when it passes from one medium to another. A upright, magnified and real b upright, the same size and virtual c inverted, demagnified and real d inverted, magnified and virtual.
The speed v of a wave is given by v t o where is the wavelength of the wave and t 1 is the period of oscillation. To explain some phenomena, such as interference and diffraction of light, it is necessary to go beyond geometrical optics. Rays are the lines perpendicular to the wavefront, which show the direction of propagation of energy. Fermats principle light propagating between two points follows a path, or paths, for which the time taken is an extremum minimum ignoring the wave nature of light basic theory for optical instruments geometrical optics revision. The electric e and magnetic m fields are perpendicular to each other and to the propagation vector k, as shown. Wavefront of a wave, at any instant, is defined as the locus of all the particles in the medium which are being disturbed at the same instant of time and are in the same phase of vibration. It explained the laws of reflection and refraction of light at an interface. It includes the basics of lens diagrams, the refractive index, prisms, spherical lenses, cylindrical lenses, lens form, transposition, base curves, and vertex distance. Revision of geometrical optics propagation of waves. In this module, we shift the emphasis from light rays to light wavesfrom geometrical optics to physical optics. Wave optics class 12 physics india science khan academy. This document is highly rated by class 12 students and has been viewed 6068 times. Prepare the wave optics chapter by using new and important formulae. Chapter notes wave optics, class 12, physics class 12.
The light and matter series of introductory physics textbooks. Here are some wave formulas that are useful when youre working with optics. Use the lensmakers equation to determine the focal length of a thin lens. Glenn boreman, university of north carolina at charlotte a complete list of the titles in this series appears at the end of this volume. Waves optics equations and formulas in pdf math tables. Download the collection of questions asked in previous cbse board exams from the chapter wave optics. Pedrotti cord waco, texas in module, basic geometrical optics, we made use of light rays to demonstrate reflection and refraction of light and the imaging of light with mirrors and lenses. When an object is placed in front of a plane mirror the image is. Learn about some of the mysterious properties of light in these tutorials. Fortunately, certain defects can be tolerated in a particular application, if the produced images. Before coming to lab, read the lab handout and all course required reading in giancoli through chapter 25. In our discussions of geometric optics we completely ignored the fact that light can also behave as an electromagnetic wave.
According to wave theory of light, the light is a form of energy which travels through a medium in the form of transverse wave motion. Chapter notes wave optics, class 12, physics class 12 notes. Home optics coatings catalog about us contact us nwo. Workshop tutorials for biological and environmental physics wr1b. Home optics coatings catalog about us contact us new wave optics. First up, some conventions used when people diagram light and lenses. Derivation of the onedimensional wave equation for a string x x y ux, t. Ray optics is based on rectilinear propagation of light, and deals with mirrors, lenses, reflection, refraction, etc.
You can determine the wave frequency and period, predict how fast light travels in various materials, and determine how light will bend in lenses and bounce off mirrors. Damped oscillations when the object is allowed to oscillate in air it takes a long time to stop, and the amplitude decreases very slowly. Optics notes massachusetts institute of technology. Dear students, having just a couple of days left for examination, we believe that your preparation must be at its peak. Analysis of light interferometers diffraction gratings michelson fourier transform fabryperot 3. It is our hope that this book will stimulate the readers general interest in optics as well as provide them with an essential background in acoustooptics and electrooptics. A ray of light is incident from air to glass of refractive index n and is found to be nearly plane polarised after reflection. Apr 11, 2020 chapter notes wave optics, class 12, physics class 12 notes edurev is made by best teachers of class 12. The text material in this section, through example 1, is. In youngs double slit experiment, the separation between the two slits is doubled. The wave packet picture of photons introduced in section 5 of chapter 19 is compatible with treating light as a collection of particlelike photons that follow the rules of geometric optics only as long as the.
Physical optics lecture notes pdf 44p this note covers the following topics. With 272 selected problems and answers, this study aid is a powerful supplement to the study of wave optics. The speed of light in a medium depends upon the nature of medium. Aberration not included in final exam, supplement pedrotti chapter 20, and for your study only very few optical systems give images that are free from all defects. You can determine the wave frequency and period, predict how fast light travels in various materials, and determine how light. Bungy jumping is an increasingly popular sport, with a growing clientele of. Important topics and formulae in ray optics and wave. Cbse class 12 physics chapter 10 wave optics formula free pdf download. But we had learnt all waves have common characteristic properties such as. Fiber optics is an exciting field, and the demonstration exercises that follow are sure to kindle ones interest in this fascinating area. Give a quick but attentive glance to the important topics and formulae from the section optics.
A collection of electronic material related to the text is available atoptics. This post covers my notes from chapters 1214 in the system for opthalmic dispensing. Then answer the bold numbered questions that appear throughout this lab handout. Pdf this book was devoted to a discussion and study. Wave optics, also termed as physic optics is the branch of optics which deals with various phenomenon including diffraction, polarization of light, interference pattern in optics and solved. Where pis the object distance, iis the image distance, and fis the focal length. All of geometric optics can be based on fermats principle. For our purposes, in understanding how optical instruments work, the wave theory of light. Relation between refractive indices according to snells law by snells law 4. Fourier optics and its applications in optical image processing are then discussed. Optics notes topics in these notes are wave properties polarization focal lengths geometrical optics i.
In geometrical optics, we formulate the propagation of light rays in terms of matrices, whereas in wave optics we formulate wave propagation using the fresnel diffraction formula, which is the solution to maxwells equations. In optics, typically consider simplified solution to a 1d wave equation. This exponential relationship is given in the formula. Wave optics lecture about the principles of wave optics. Wave front of a wave, at any instant, is defined as the locus of all the particles in the medium which are being disturbed at the same instant of time and are in the same phase of vibration. Calculate the percentage change in the fringe width in the interference pattern. Class 12 physics notes on wave optics containing top concepts like wave optics, huygens principle, superposition principle, youngs double slit experiment, diffraction, polarization etc. A wave front is the locus of points having the same phase of oscillation.
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